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聽(tīng)眾 Jack 想知道動(dòng)詞 “avoid、avert、prevent” 和 “refrain” 之間的區(qū)別。其中,哪個(gè)詞可以用來(lái)表示 “躲避某人”?哪個(gè)詞可以表示 “阻止他人做某事”?哪個(gè)詞有 “阻止自己做某事” 的意思?在本期節(jié)目中,主持人 Beth 和佳瑩辨析這四個(gè)詞的含義和用法。
歡迎你加入并和我們一起討論英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的方方面面。請(qǐng)通過(guò)微博 “BBC英語(yǔ)教學(xué)” 或郵件與我們?nèi)〉寐?lián)系。我們的郵箱地址是 questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk
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(關(guān)于臺(tái)詞的備注: 請(qǐng)注意這不是廣播節(jié)目的逐字稿件。本文稿可能沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)錄制、編輯過(guò)程中對(duì)節(jié)目做出的改變。)
Jiaying
大家好,歡迎收聽(tīng) BBC英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的 “你問(wèn)我答” 節(jié)目。和我一起主持這期節(jié)目的還有我的同事 Beth。
Beth
Hi, everyone!
Jiaying
本期節(jié)目要回答聽(tīng)眾 Jack 的問(wèn)題,問(wèn)題是:
Question
你好!我是 Jack。“Avoid、avert、prevent” 和 “refrain” 似乎都有 “避免” 的意思,請(qǐng)問(wèn)它們的用法都一樣嗎?
Jiaying
謝謝聽(tīng)眾 Jack 發(fā)來(lái)的問(wèn)題。Beth,這四個(gè)詞的含義是不是很相似呢?
Beth
Yes, so to answer Jack's question, 'avoid', 'avert', 'refrain' and 'prevent' have related meanings and uses. They can all be used to talk about 'stopping a bad outcome'. However, there are some differences.
Let's first look at 'avoid'. 'Avoid' means 'miss' or 'stay away from someone or something negative'. It's often used for situations that are in progress, but not always. Let's hear some examples.
Examples
I crossed the road to avoid talking to Jonathan. We argued last week.
(我為了不和喬納森說(shuō)話走到了馬路的另一邊。我們上禮拜吵架了。)
Having an open conversation is a good way to avoid any misunderstandings.
(開(kāi)誠(chéng)布公地交談是避免誤會(huì)的好方法。)
Jiaying
所以,動(dòng)詞 “avoid” 的意思是 “遠(yuǎn)離、躲避某人或避免壞事”,常用來(lái)談?wù)?“避免一個(gè)將要發(fā)生的負(fù)面事情”,但并不總是如此。那 “avert” 該怎么用呢?
Beth
'Avert' is quite formal. It means 'stop something bad from happening'. And it's most commonly used when talking about very serious issues, such as catastrophes and disasters. Here are some examples:
Examples
The company tried to raise funds from investors to avert financial collapse.
(這家公司試圖從投資者那里籌集資金,以避免陷入財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī)。)
People around the world are working together to try to avert a climate disaster.
(世界各地的人們都在齊心協(xié)力、努力避免氣候?yàn)?zāi)難。)
Jiaying
所以,就如剛剛 Beth 講到的,在談?wù)?“避免(災(zāi)難)” 等非常嚴(yán)肅的問(wèn)題時(shí),最常用 “avert”。那么,動(dòng)詞 “prevent” 該怎么用呢?
Beth
'Prevent' can be used to talk about stopping both bad and good things happening. It's often used to talk about something before it has started, but not always.
Jiaying
That's interesting. 所以,動(dòng)詞 “prevent” 的意思是 “防止某件事情發(fā)生”,可以用來(lái)談?wù)?“防止好事或壞事的發(fā)生”。另外,“prevent” 常強(qiáng)調(diào) “預(yù)防一件還沒(méi)有發(fā)生的事情”。我們通過(guò)兩個(gè)例句來(lái)鞏固動(dòng)詞 “prevent” 的用法。
Examples
My injury prevented me from going on holiday.
(我的傷讓我不能去度假。)
It's good to re-use plastic bags to prevent too much waste.
(重復(fù)使用塑料袋可以防止過(guò)多浪費(fèi)。)
Jiaying
除了表示 “防止、預(yù)防某事發(fā)生” 以外,動(dòng)詞 “prevent” 還有其它的用法嗎?
Beth
Yes. 'Prevent' can be used to say 'stop someone from doing something', usually with 'from'. None of the other words are used in this way. For example:
Examples
You need to prevent your child from kicking the seat in front of them while in flight.
(你得阻止你的孩子在飛機(jī)飛行期間亂踢前面的座位。)
His fear of social situations prevented him from going to the party.
(他對(duì)社交場(chǎng)合的恐懼使他不敢參加這次聚會(huì)。)
Jiaying
在上面的例句中,動(dòng)詞 “prevent” 都用來(lái)表示 “阻止某人做某事 ”:“prevent someone from doing something”。
除了 “prevent” 以外,動(dòng)詞 “refrain” 也可以用來(lái)描述人的動(dòng)作,對(duì)嗎?
Beth
Yes. But, unlike 'prevent', we don't use it to talk about stopping other people. We use 'refrain' to mean 'stop ourselves from doing something', often to stop a negative outcome. 'Refrain' is also quite formal.
Jiaying
這樣看來(lái),“refrain” 的意思是 “克制,避免”,強(qiáng)調(diào) “某人阻止自己做某事 refrain from doing something”,從而 “防止產(chǎn)生負(fù)面的結(jié)果”?!癛efrain” 是一個(gè)較正式的詞。請(qǐng)聽(tīng)兩個(gè)例句。
Examples
I refrain from eating a lot of chocolate, so I don't gain weight.
(我克制自己不吃很多巧克力,以免長(zhǎng)胖。)
Please refrain from speaking too loudly during the film.
(請(qǐng)勿在電影放映期間大聲說(shuō)話。)
Jiaying
來(lái)總結(jié)一下:“avoid、avert、prevent” 可以用來(lái)表示 “阻止負(fù)面結(jié)果的發(fā)生”。其中,動(dòng)詞 “avoid” 指 “遠(yuǎn)離、躲避某人,避免糟糕的情況”。“Avert” 較正式,用來(lái)談?wù)?“避免災(zāi)難等非常嚴(yán)肅的問(wèn)題”?!癙revent” 有 “防止事情發(fā)生” 的意思,也可以用在 “prevent someone from doing something” 的結(jié)構(gòu)中,表示 “阻止某人做某事”。動(dòng)詞 “refrain” 的意思是 “克制自己不去做某事”。
Beth
Thank you for your question, Jack.
Jiaying
如果你在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中遇到了難題,歡迎通過(guò)微博向我們提問(wèn)。我們的微博賬號(hào)是 “BBC英語(yǔ)教學(xué)”。你也可以發(fā)郵件給我們,郵箱地址是:questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk 感謝收聽(tīng),再見(jiàn)。
Beth
Bye!